Biotechnology
China has significantly bolstered its biotechnology sector, prioritizing it in three of the seven cutting-edge science and technology fields in its 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025): brain science, genetic engineering, and clinical medicine. Biotech is also crucial to global development goals, particularly in public health, sustainable energy, and food security.
With sizeable domestic support, Chinese companies such as BGI (genome research), Beigene (anti-cancer drugs), Mindray (medical equipment) and WuXi Apptec (services and equipment for drug development) have risen to global prominence.
ChemChina took over Syngenta, the world’s third largest seed producer, in 2017. China is the world’s largest exporter of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs).
International collaboration and competition in biotech are intricately intertwined. China participates in roughly a third of the world’s multiregional clinical trials – only the US participates in more. China has also welcomed large investments by multinational pharmaceutical companies in domestic startups. At the same time, fair competition and market access remain a problem for many foreign firms in the healthcare sector, as localization efforts give domestic firms preferential treatment.
Great power competition adds further complexity. China, the US, and Europe all scrutinize the sharing of sensitive genetic and medical data. They also race for supremacy in dual-use technologies, such as brain-computer interfaces, which could be used for military robots.
Graphics dashboard
Medical device sector sees double-digit rise in investment since 2021
Investment has been pouring into China’s medical device sector, averaging 22 percent in annual growth between 2018 and 2023. The pharmaceutical sector has averaged 10 percent annual growth, with a significant spike at the start of the Corona pandemic. The government’s backing of biotech sectors has channeled both private and public capital into these industries.
State support for medtech firms in China far higher than in OECD countries
In China, companies in the medical devices, in-vitro diagnostics and medical equipment sectors receive significant financial support from the government, equivalent to approximately 6 percent of company revenue. This is far beyond the usual level of state support provided to firms in OECD countries, which is less than one percent.
Foreign firms' market share in high-tech medical devices shrinks
Chinese procurement documents for diagnostic imaging technologies show foreign firms are beginning to cede market share to local competitors. For instance, the share of computed tomography (CT) scanner contracts won by three foreign firms (Siemens, Philips and GE) declined by 24 percentage points between 2018 and 2022. Still, China’s growing healthcare market could boost foreign companies’ revenues.
Biotechnology in China: Timeline of crucial events
Development
Policy/regulation
Corporate/finance
China approves its first COVID-19 vaccine for general public use, developed by state-backed pharmaceutical giant Sinopharm and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was approved for use in the EU.
Chinese medical device company Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics acquires Finnish biotech company HyTest Invest and its subsidiaries for EUR 532 million.
Leading Chinese medical imaging firm United Imaging invests EUR 410 million in a new manufacturing and research facility in Shanghai to rely heavily on automatic and intelligent processes.
The National Development and Reform Commission releases the 14th Five-Year Plan for the bioeconomy, covering life sciences and biotechnologies and calling for more investment in basic research.
MIIT calls for companies to participate in a new biomedical materials innovation program to increase collaborative innovation with a focus on polymer, metal and inorganic non-metallic materials.
MOST issues clarifying rules on human genetic resources, preventing foreign entities from collecting resources in China and restricting their access to them.
AstraZeneca acquired Gracell Biotechnologies for USD 1.2 billion, marking the first time a multinational drugmaker fully acquires a Chinese biotech firm.
The National Healthcare Security Administration aims to enhance coordination between local governments on centralized or volume-based procurement (high volume, low cost purchase of pharmaceuticals).
MIIT issues procurement guidelines, placing restrictions on a wide range of medical equipment, also X-ray machines, MRI & surgical equipment. The rules require 25, 50, 75 or 100 percent local content.
MIIT releases Five-Year Plans for the medical equipment & pharma industries, to ensure basic supplies & improve the industrial chain, enhance pharma innovation, modernization, & supply security 2025.
Chinese healthcare companies such as Andon Health and Beijing Hotgen Biotech see revenue surge thanks primarily to overseas sales of COVID-19 home testing kits.
Fosun Pharma and Genuine Biotech win the right to market the first China-made oral Covid-19 drug. The EU approved the first oral COVID-19 antiviral treatment, Pfizer’s drug Paxlovid, in January 2022.
MIIT releases a three-year plan to develop China’s non-food bio-based materials industry. By 2025, it aims for strong innovation capabilities to broaden its circular economy & reduce carbon emission.
Neusoft Medical launches China's first dual-energy 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging system. Chinese firms can make systems between 1.5T to 3.0T (magnetic field strengths) using only domestic inputs.
Caixin reports: China's outbound deals involving treatment rights exceeded inbound deals for the first time in 2023. Other parties can use a company’s products, technology or intellectual property.
Recent developments
Tech progress
- Researchers at Fudan University's Institute of Brain-inspired Intelligence Science and Technology have developed a new implantable brain-spinal interface for spinal injury patients, with clinical trials expected to begin by the end of the year. (Source CN: S&T Daily)
- Top international academic journal "Cell" published the findings of a joint research effort by Sun Yat-sen University and Alibaba Cloud which used AI technology to discover 180 RNA virus supergroups and over 160,000 new RNA viruses, about 30 times the number of known virus types. (Source CN: Leiphone)
- Researchers from the Shenzhen Institute of Agricultural Genomics used AI to discover a new protein for developing efficient, sequence-free cytosine bases. Such single base editors could significantly enhance the precision of gene tools. (Source CN: S&T Daily)
- Chinese scientists have developed the first open-source brain-computer interface chip. The MetaBOC system uses stem cells to cultivate an artificial brain in vitro, which is then linked to an external chip. (Source CN: S&T Daily, Yicai)
Domestic dynamics
- China updated its National Reimbursable Drug List, which dictates coverage by China’s basic medical insurance. 91 drugs were added, including innovative drugs, with an average discount of 63 percent. A growing number of these, 70 percent, were from Chinese firms. (Source CN: 21Jingji)
- Academician Chen Yihan: There is insufficient innovation in the field of biomedicine and long-termism must be adhered to. (Source CN: Science Net)
- The Ministry of Science and Technology published ethics guidelines for research on human genome editing. They prohibit research on germline genome editing – i.e. when the genome of an individual is edited to be heritable. (Source CN: MOST)
- The construction of China's first national-level bio-manufacturing innovation center began in Shenzhen. The center is led by the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and will feature six major technical platforms. (Source CN: S&T Daily)
- The National Medical Products Administration released the "Management Requirements for the Temporary Import and Use of Urgently Needed Medical Devices by Medical Institutions," aiming to enhance the availability of essential medical devices not yet approved domestically. (Source CN: NMPA)
Foreign involvement
- Biotech has emerged as bright spot for international engagement as big pharma has increased its licensing and acquisition of drugs developed in China. Major foreign drugmakers spent USD 3.15 billion on Chinese-developed molecules in 2024 (up until November). Deals may face more scrutiny from the US in 2025. (Source EN: Bloomberg)
- Europe falls behind China in playing host to clinical drug trials. (Source EN: Financial Times, EN: European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations)
- Germany’s BioNTech buys China’s Biotheus in USD 800 million push into cancer drugs. (Source EN: South China Morning Post)
- The US House Committee on Oversight and Accountability wants to restrict business with Chinese biotech firms like BGI and WuXi AppTec. The Biosecure Act, which still requires approval from Congress, seeks to reduce US reliance on Chinese research and manufacturing. (Source EN: Reuters)
- Western pharmaceutical companies are increasing licensing deals with Chinese biotech firms, as patents expire. Chinese drugmakers, need international funding due to domestic price cuts. In 2023, biotech licensing deals hit a record USD 44.1 billion, and have continued strongly into 2024. (Source EN: Financial Times)
Publications
Topics
